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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Proboscidea</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p id="sous_titre_h1" class="noexcerpt">Proboscidiens</p>

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<div>Proboscidea</div>
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<div class="legend">Diversité proboscidienne&nbsp;: <a href="%C3%89l%C3%A9phant_indien" title="Éléphant indien">éléphant indien</a> (<i>Elephas maximus indicus</i>), <a href="%C3%89l%C3%A9phant_de_savane_d'Afrique" title="Éléphant de savane d'Afrique">éléphant de savane d'Afrique</a> (<i>Loxodonta africana</i>) et <a href="%C3%89l%C3%A9phant_de_for%C3%AAt_d'Afrique" title="Éléphant de forêt d'Afrique">éléphant de forêt d'Afrique</a> (<i>Loxodonta cyclotis</i>).</div><div class="center"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r216790686">
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</style><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">60–0&nbsp;<a href="Million_d'ann%C3%A9es" title="Million d'années">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div class="liens-sombres" id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:13px;"><div style="position:absolute; height:18px; left:0px; width:208.07692307692px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:; background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="Pr%C3%A9cambrien" title="Précambrien">PreꞒ</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:18px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:36.892307692308px; width:18.818461538462px;"><a href="Cambrien" title="Cambrien">Ꞓ</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:18px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="Ordovicien" title="Ordovicien">O</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:18px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="Silurien" title="Silurien">S</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:18px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="D%C3%A9vonien" title="Dévonien">D</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:18px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,143,102); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="Carbonif%C3%A8re" title="Carbonifère">C</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:18px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="Permien" title="Permien">P</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:18px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.126830769231px;"><a href="Trias" title="Trias">T</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:18px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.86769230769px; width:19.055384615385px;"><a href="Jurassique" title="Jurassique">J</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:18px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="Cr%C3%A9tac%C3%A9" title="Crétacé">K</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:18px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="Pal%C3%A9og%C3%A8ne" title="Paléogène"><small><small>Pg</small></small></a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:18px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="N%C3%A9og%C3%A8ne" title="Néogène"><small>N</small></a></div>
<div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:18px; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div>
<div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:199.69230769231px; width:20.307692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:199.69230769231px; width:20.307692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:200.69230769231px; width:18.307692307692px; background-color:#6c3;"></div>
</div>
</div> </div><div class="center"> <a href="Pal%C3%A9oc%C3%A8ne_moyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Paléocène moyen">Paléocène moyen</a>-<a href="Holoc%C3%A8ne" title="Holocène">présent</a>.</div><div class="center">3&nbsp;307&nbsp;collections</div><table class="taxobox_classification"><caption style=""><a href="#TPDB">Classification Paleobiology Database</a></caption><tbody><tr>
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="R%C3%A8gne_(biologie)" title="Règne (biologie)">Règne</a></th>
<td>
<span class="normal"><a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="Embranchement_(biologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Embranchement (biologie)">Embranchement</a></th>
<td>
<span class="normal"><a href="Chordata" title="Chordata">Chordata</a></span></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="Sous-embranchement" title="Sous-embranchement"><abbr class="abbr" title="Sous-embranchement">Sous-embr.</abbr></a></th>
<td>
<span class="normal"><a href="Vertebrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrata">Vertebrata</a></span></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="Super-classe_(biologie)" title="Super-classe (biologie)">Super-classe</a></th>
<td>
<span class="normal"><a href="Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a></span></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="Classe_(biologie)" title="Classe (biologie)">Classe</a></th>
<td>
<span class="normal"><a href="Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a></span></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="Infra-classe" title="Infra-classe">Infra-classe</a></th>
<td>
<span class="normal"><a href="Placentalia" title="Placentalia">Placentalia</a></span></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="Super-ordre" title="Super-ordre">Super-ordre</a></th>
<td>
<span class="normal"><a href="Afrotheria" title="Afrotheria">Afrotheria</a></span></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="Clade" title="Clade">Clade</a></th>
<td>
<span class="normal"><a href="Tethytheria" title="Tethytheria">Tethytheria</a></span></td>
</tr>

</tbody></table>
<p class="bloc"><a href="Ordre_(biologie)" title="Ordre (biologie)">Ordre</a></p><div class="center taxobox_classification"><b><span class="normal"><span style="font-style: normal">Proboscidea</span></span></b><br><span class="rnormal"><small><b><a href="Johann_Karl_Wilhelm_Illiger" title="Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger">Illiger</a>, <a href="1811" title="1811">1811</a></b></small></span></div>
<p class="bloc"><a href="Famille_(biologie)" title="Famille (biologie)">Familles</a> de rang inférieur</p>
<div class="left">
<ul><li>† <a href="Moeritherium" title="Moeritherium">Moeritheriidae</a></li>
<li>sous-ordre †<a href="Plesielephantiformes" title="Plesielephantiformes">Plesielephantiformes</a>:
<ul><li>† <a href="Barytherium" title="Barytherium">Barytheriidae</a></li>
<li>† <a href="Deinotheriidae" title="Deinotheriidae">Deinotheriidae</a></li>
<li>† <a href="Numidotherium" title="Numidotherium">Numidotheriidae</a></li></ul></li>
<li>sous-ordre <a href="Elephantiformes" title="Elephantiformes">Elephantiformes</a>:
<ul><li><a href="Elephantidae" title="Elephantidae">Elephantidae</a> (les éléphants)</li>
<li>† Hemimastodontidae</li>
<li>† <a href="Gomphotheriidae" title="Gomphotheriidae">Gomphotheriidae</a></li>
<li>† <a href="Mammutidae" title="Mammutidae">Mammutidae</a></li>
<li>† <a href="Palaeomastodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeomastodon">Palaeomastodontidae</a></li>
<li>† Phiomiidae</li>
<li>† <a href="Stegodontidae" title="Stegodontidae">Stegodontidae</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
</div>
<p>Les <dfn>Proboscidiens</dfn> (<dfn>Proboscidea</dfn>), du <a href="Grec_ancien" title="Grec ancien">grec</a> <i><span class="lang-grc-latn" lang="grc-latn">proboskis</span></i> qui signifie «&nbsp;trompe&nbsp;», sont un <a href="Ordre_(biologie)" title="Ordre (biologie)">ordre</a> de <a href="Mammif%C3%A8re" title="Mammifère">mammifères</a> caractérisés par celle-ci. Ils ne sont représentés, à l'heure actuelle, que par les <a href="%C3%89l%C3%A9phants" class="mw-redirect" title="Éléphants">éléphants</a> de la <a href="Famille_(biologie)" title="Famille (biologie)">famille</a> des <a href="Elephantidae" title="Elephantidae">éléphantidés</a>.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancienneté_des_proboscidiens"><span id="Anciennet.C3.A9_des_proboscidiens"></span>Ancienneté des proboscidiens</h2></div>
<p>Les <a href="Pal%C3%A9ontologue" class="mw-redirect" title="Paléontologue">paléontologues</a> connaissent 170&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="espèces"><a href="Esp%C3%A8ce" title="Espèce">espèces</a></abbr> <a href="Fossile" title="Fossile">fossiles</a> qu'ils rattachent à ce groupe<sup id="cite_ref-2004tassy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2004tassy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;; la plus ancienne, <i><a href="Eritherium" title="Eritherium">Eritherium azzouzorum</a></i>, date du <a href="Tertiaire_(g%C3%A9ologie)" title="Tertiaire (géologie)">Tertiaire</a>, il y a plus de <span class="nowrap">60 millions</span> d'années<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Une découverte récente (<time class="nowrap" datetime="2003-12" data-sort-value="2003-12">décembre 2003</time>) fait remonter l'apparition des <a href="Elephantoidea" title="Elephantoidea">éléphantoïdes</a> à <span class="nowrap">26 millions</span> d'années. Les éléphantidés, eux, seraient apparus à la fin du <a href="Mioc%C3%A8ne" title="Miocène">Miocène</a>, il y a environ <span class="nowrap">7 millions</span> d'années.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Évolution"><span id=".C3.89volution"></span>Évolution</h2></div>
<p>L'évolution des éléphantoïdes concerne principalement les proportions du crâne et de la mâchoire, ainsi que la forme des défenses et des molaires<sup id="cite_ref-2004tassy_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2004tassy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p>Chez les éléphantoïdes, la formule dentaire n'est jamais complète (deux prémolaires et trois molaires). Le jeune possède des prémolaires de lait qui tombent quand les molaires apparaissent, il n'y a pas de prémolaires définitives. Quand la troisième molaire apparaît, c'est au tour de la première de tomber<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. On peut suivre l'évolution des éléphantoïdes en étudiant celle de la forme des molaires&nbsp;:
</p>
<ul><li>au début, les molaires intermédiaires ont trois crêtes (pm2 + m1 + m2)</li>
<li>il y a 12&nbsp;millions d'années, les molaires intermédiaires passent à quatre crêtes</li>
<li>il y a 7&nbsp;millions d'années, les molaires intermédiaires présentent des lames à la place des crêtes<sup id="cite_ref-2004tassy_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2004tassy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Familles_fossiles">Familles fossiles</h2></div>
<p>Liste des familles fossiles, d'après Shoshani <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (« et d’autres »)" lang="la">et al.</abbr></i> (2004)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:
</p>
<ul><li>† <a href="Moeritherium" title="Moeritherium">Moeritheriidae</a> <small>C.W. Andrews, 1906</small></li>
<li>sous-ordre † <a href="Plesielephantiformes" title="Plesielephantiformes">Plesielephantiformes</a> <small>Shoshani et al., 2001</small>:
<ul><li>† <a href="Barytherium" title="Barytherium">Barytheriidae</a> <small>Andrews, 1906</small></li>
<li>† <a href="Deinotheriidae" title="Deinotheriidae">Deinotheriidae</a> <small>Bonaparte, 1845</small></li>
<li>† <a href="Numidotherium" title="Numidotherium">Numidotheriidae</a> <small>Shoshani &amp; Tassy, 1992</small></li></ul></li>
<li>sous-ordre <a href="Elephantiformes" title="Elephantiformes">Elephantiformes</a> <small>Tassy, 1988</small>:
<ul><li>† Hemimastodontidae <small>McKenna, Bell, Shoshani &amp; Tassy, 1997</small></li>
<li>† <a href="Palaeomastodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeomastodon">Palaeomastodontidae</a> <small>Andrews, 1906</small></li>
<li>† Phiomiidae <small>Kalandadze &amp; Rautian, 1992</small></li>
<li>clade Elephantimorpha <small>assy and Shoshani, 1997</small>:
<ul><li>clade Elephantida <small>Tassy and Shoshani, 1997</small>:
<ul><li>super-famille <a href="Elephantoidea" title="Elephantoidea">Elephantoidea</a> <small>Gray, 1821</small>:
<ul><li>(<a href="Elephantidae" title="Elephantidae">Elephantidae</a> <small>Gray, 1821</small>, la famille actuelle des éléphants)</li>
<li>† <a href="Stegodontidae" title="Stegodontidae">Stegodontidae</a> <small>Osborn, 1918</small></li></ul></li>
<li>super-famille † Gomphotherioidea Hay, 1922:
<ul><li>† <a href="Gomphotheriidae" title="Gomphotheriidae">Gomphotheriidae</a> <small>Hay, 1922</small></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>clade † Mammutida <small>Tassy and Shoshani, 1997</small>:
<ul><li>super-famille † Mammutoidea <small>Hay, 1922</small>:
<ul><li>† <a href="Mammutidae" title="Mammutidae">Mammutidae</a> <small>Hay, 1922</small> (les mastodontes)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galerie">Galerie</h2></div>
<ul style="text-align:center;" class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 158px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Un <a href="%C3%89l%C3%A9phant_d'Afrique" title="Éléphant d'Afrique">éléphant d'Afrique</a> (à gauche) et un <a href="%C3%89l%C3%A9phant_d'Asie" title="Éléphant d'Asie">éléphant d'Asie</a> (à droite), deux <a href="Elephantidae" title="Elephantidae">Elephantidae</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="Platybelodon" title="Platybelodon">Platybelodon</a></i> (<a href="Gomphotheriidae" title="Gomphotheriidae">Gomphotheriidae</a>)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 220.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="Mammut_americanum" title="Mammut americanum">Mammut americanum</a></i> (<a href="Mammutidae" title="Mammutidae">Mammutidae</a>)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="Deinotherium" title="Deinotherium">Deinotherium</a> sp.</i> (<a href="Deinotheriidae" title="Deinotheriidae">Deinotheriidae</a>)</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="Palaeomastodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeomastodon">Palaeomastodon</a> sp.</i> (<a href="Palaeomastodontidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeomastodontidae">Palaeomastodontidae</a>)</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3></div>
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<ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
<li><span class="liste-horizontale noarchive"><span class="wd_identifiers">Ressources relatives au vivant</span>&nbsp;: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Proboscidea/"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Animal Diversity Web</i></span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id32485"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>BioLib</i></span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PROBO"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>EPPO Global Database</i></span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=105150"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Paleobiology Database</i></span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/fr/species/799"><span class="lang-fr" lang="fr"><i>Global Biodiversity Information Facility</i></span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/43691"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>iNaturalist</i></span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=10159"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera</i></span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&amp;id=11500001"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Mammal Species of the World</span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000377143"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>NBN Atlas</i></span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&amp;search_value=180674">Système d'information taxonomique intégré</a></li> </ul></span></li>
<li><span class="liste-horizontale noarchive"><span class="wd_identifiers">Ressource relative à la santé</span>&nbsp;: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D056662"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Medical Subject Headings</span></a></li> </ul></span> </li>
<li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers">Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes</span>&nbsp;: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/proboscidean"><i>Britannica</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/EC-GEC-0134634.xml"><i>Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/proboscidiens/"><i>Universalis</i></a></li> </ul></div></li>
<li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l'information)" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a></span>&nbsp;: <ul><li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12098710g">BnF</a></span> (<span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12098710g">données</a></span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85107115">LCCN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4309738-8">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577242">Japon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007538608205171">Israël</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph119188">Tchéquie</a></span></li> </ul></div></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dinosoria.com/proboscidiens.htm">Généalogie des Proboscidiens</a> (&amp; reconstitution animée en images)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ac-lyon.fr/enseigne/biologie/ress/evolution/proboscidiens/presentation.html">Comparaison des différents proboscidiens</a>, sur <i>ac-lyon.fr</i></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références_taxonomiques"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences_taxonomiques"></span>Références taxonomiques</h3></div>
<ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="MSW"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World"><i>Mammal Species of the World</i> <small>(<abbr class="abbr" title="Troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 2005)</small></a>&nbsp;: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&amp;id=11500001">Proboscidea Illiger, 1811 </a></span></li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="ITIS"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langues : français et anglais">(fr&nbsp;+&nbsp;en)</abbr> <i><a href="Syst%C3%A8me_d'information_taxonomique_int%C3%A9gr%C3%A9" title="Système d'information taxonomique intégré">ITIS</a></i>&nbsp;: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&amp;search_value=180674"><i>Proboscidea</i> Illiger, 1811</a></span></li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="TPDB"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><a href="Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a></i>&nbsp;: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=105150"><i>Proboscidea</i> Illiger 1811</a></span></li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="Tolweb"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="Tree_of_Life_Web_Project" title="Tree of Life Web Project">Tree of Life Web Project</a></span></i>&nbsp;: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/Proboscidea"><i>Proboscidea</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="BioLib"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><a href="BioLib" title="BioLib">BioLib</a></i>&nbsp;: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id32485/"><i>Proboscidea</i> Illiger, 1811</a></span></li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="ADW"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><a href="Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">Animal Diversity Web</a></i>&nbsp;: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Proboscidea/"><i>Proboscidea</i></a></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3></div>
<div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-2004tassy-1"><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tassy2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="P._Tassy2004">P. Tassy, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal">La famille des mammouths</cite>&nbsp;», <i>Pour la Science</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&nbsp;43,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2004-04" data-sort-value="2004-04">avril 2004</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pourlascience.fr/sd/paleontologie/la-famille-des-mammouths-5458.php">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-11-16" data-sort-value="2018-11-16">16 novembre 2018</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=La+famille+des+mammouths&amp;rft.jtitle=Pour+la+Science&amp;rft.issue=43&amp;rft.aulast=Tassy&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.date=2004-04&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProboscidea"></span></span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gheerbrant2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="E._Gheerbrant2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> E. <span class="nom_auteur">Gheerbrant</span>, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Paleocene emergence of elephant relatives and the rapid radiation of African ungulates</cite>&nbsp;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&nbsp;106, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&nbsp;26,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-06-30" data-sort-value="2009-06-30">30 juin 2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">10717-10721</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&nbsp;<span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900251106">10.1073/pnas.0900251106</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Paleocene+emergence+of+elephant+relatives+and+the+rapid+radiation+of+African+ungulates&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.issue=26&amp;rft.aulast=Gheerbrant&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.date=2009-06-30&amp;rft.volume=106&amp;rft.pages=10717-10721&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0900251106&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProboscidea"></span></span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sanders2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="William_J._Sanders2018"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> William J. <span class="nom_auteur">Sanders</span>, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Horizontal tooth displacement and premolar occurrence in elephants and other elephantiform proboscideans</cite>&nbsp;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Historical Biology</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&nbsp;30, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéros">n<sup>os</sup></abbr>&nbsp;1-2,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-02-17" data-sort-value="2018-02-17">17 février 2018</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">137–156</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span class=" noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0891-2963">0891-2963</a></span> et <span class=" noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1029-2381">1029-2381</a></span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&nbsp;<span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436">10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-06-21" data-sort-value="2022-06-21">21 juin 2022</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Horizontal+tooth+displacement+and+premolar+occurrence+in+elephants+and+other+elephantiform+proboscideans&amp;rft.jtitle=Historical+Biology&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.aulast=Sanders&amp;rft.aufirst=William+J.&amp;rft.date=2018-02-17&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.pages=137%E2%80%93156&amp;rft.issn=0891-2963&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08912963.2017.1297436&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProboscidea"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://biochem.flas.kps.ku.ac.th/elephant.pdf">http://biochem.flas.kps.ku.ac.th/elephant.pdf</a></span>
</li>
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